IndexBasic informationResearch questionHypothesisDependent variableIndependent variableControl variables Why HowMaterialsMethodologyRaw dataCountries with very high human developmentCountries with high human developmentCountries with medium human developmentCountries with low human developmentProcessed dataAssessmentRelationship between countries' human development index and age-standardized mortality rate caused by cardiovascular diseases. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on "Why Violent Video Games Shouldn't Be Banned"? Get an Original EssayBackground InformationCardiovascular diseases (CVD) are noncommunicable diseases within a class of diseases that include the heart or blood vessels (WHO, 2010). Some of the most common cardiovascular diseases are coronary heart disease, heart failure, and myocardial infarction (commonly referred to as a heart attack) (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2014). It is estimated that approximately 90% of cardiovascular diseases are preventable and can be treated with healthy lifestyle changes (McGill, 2008). These diseases are caused by a multitude of risk factors including, but not limited to, lack of exercise, significant alcohol consumption, tobacco use, and unhealthy diet (McGill, 2008). Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death globally and are becoming more common and causing more deaths every year. In 1990, they caused 12.3 million deaths, or 25.8% of all deaths globally (WHO, 2010). Meanwhile, in 2013, they caused 17.3 million deaths, equivalent to 31.5% of the world's population (WHO, 2010). Considering the significant increase in negative lifestyle habits, which are risk factors for cardiovascular disease, it is not surprising that the numbers are increasing. Coronary heart disease is the most common of cardiovascular diseases. It occurs when the arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle begin to harden and narrow (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2014). This is caused by a buildup of cholesterol on the inside walls of the artery, called atherosclerosis (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2014). As this plaque continues to increase, the amount of blood that can flow through the arteries decreases (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2014). When this happens, the heart muscle cannot receive the blood and oxygen it needs (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2014). In extreme cases where the blood supply to the heart is suddenly cut off (usually due to a blood clot), this can cause a heart attack (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2014). Over a long period of time, coronary heart disease can also weaken the heart muscle, leading to heart failure or arrhythmias (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2014). Because coronary heart disease develops over years, many don't notice problems until they have significant symptoms or a heart attack. Symptoms include chest pain, shortness of breath, indigestion, nausea, dizziness, or sweating (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2014). A healthy lifestyle is essential to both prevent and treat the disease. In combination with a healthy lifestyle, cholesterol-modifying drugs, aspirin, beta blockers, nitroglycerin, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and angiotensin II receptor blockers can be taken to treat coronary heart disease (World Heart Federation, 2017). In cases where more aggressive treatment is needed, angioplasty and stent placement or coronary artery bypass surgery are treatment options (World Heart Federation, 2017). Cardiovascular disease has had a big impact on my life. My family membersboth branches suffered from cardiovascular disease. However, I have noticed that, based on where they live, there is a big difference in how cardiovascular disease affects them. For example, my great aunt and grandmother both had the same form of cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease. Both women grew up in the same family, in the same living conditions and with only two years of age difference. Yet, my great aunt who lived in Serbia died ten years ago while my grandmother, who lives in the United States of America, still leads an active lifestyle. This detour inspired me to study the relationship between cardiovascular disease in highly developed nations versus less developed nations. To determine how “developed” a nation is, I will use the Human Development Index (HDI). The Human Development Index is a statistical analysis of the quality of human life in a country. The calculations are performed by the United Nations Development Program and use four categories; Life expectancy at birth, average years of schooling, expected years of schooling and gross national income per capita (United Nations Development Programme, 2014). Data is displayed on a 1.0 scale, where countries with higher scores are closer to 1.0 and vice versa. For the purposes of this research, I will consider the Human Development Index as my raw data since I am simply reproducing data from the United Nations database. Additionally, I will use World Health Organization (WHO) databases to indicate the number of people dying from cardiovascular disease. The World Health Organization presents the number of people who die from cardiovascular diseases per 100,000 (WHO, 2010). They further organize their data into an age-standardized format that is based on weighted averages of age-specific rates and the weights are taken from a standard population (WHO, 2010). Many of the drugs and procedures needed to treat cardiovascular disease require a large amount of money. As a result, countries that fall into the lowest human development categories generally have more difficulty accessing care. This investigation will exemplify whether there is a significant relationship between access to expensive treatments and a prolonged survival rate. The Human Development Index is a good indication of a country's wealth and technological advancements. Therefore, this exploration will demonstrate whether (by 2008) new treatments will have made a significant difference in reducing mortality rates caused by cardiovascular disease. If the treatments made a significant difference, then countries with a higher Human Development Index will generally have lower mortality rates from cardiovascular disease. Research question Is there a relationship between countries' Human Development Index and age-standardized mortality rate caused by cardiovascular diseases? ?HypothesisIf I examine the relationship between countries' age-standardized mortality rate due to cardiovascular disease using a range of human development indices, then there will be a negative correlation because countries with a higher human development index will generally have better access to treatment for cardiovascular diseases. Dependent variable Mortality rates following cardiovascular diseases. This raw data will be sourced from the World Health Organization's 2010 Global Status of Noncommunicable Diseases Report. Independent variableThe human development index of a particular country. This raw data will be derived from the United Nations Development Programme's Human Development Reports. Control Variables Why How The database from which I derived the relevant raw datato reports on human development indices. Obtaining data from a variety of sources could lead to incorrect or falsified data. The data will be collected from a reliable primary source that created the Human Development Index and recalculates it annually, the United Nations Development Programme. The database from which I derived the raw data regarding mortality rates due to Cardiovascular Diseases. Obtaining data from a secondary source that could have estimated or analyzed it using unreliable methods could lead to incorrect or falsified data. The data will be collected from a reliable primary source, the United Nations health sector, the World Health Organization. Data collection period After 2008, the World Health Organization did not continue annual data collection regarding cardiovascular disease mortality rates. To ensure reliability, I will match the "last year of data" provided in the World Health Organization database with the Human Development Index ranking. Additionally, when selecting the countries I will use in my exploration, I will prioritize those with the most recent year available. World Health Organization estimates, or those without data, will be a last resort. Grouping of countries within the Human Development Index Inconsistent grouping of the Human Development Index rankings would lead to erroneous data. The 2010 United Nations Human Development Index determines how countries are grouped. selected risk factors, 2008” MethodologyThe United Nations Development Program groups the Human Development Index into four distinct categories. Rankings 1 to 49 are “very high human development,” 50 to 105 are “high human development,” 106 to 143 are “medium human development,” and 145 to 188 are “low human development” (Development Program of the United Nations, 2014). I selected 8 countries from each category to use as sample data to test the relationship between cardiovascular disease mortality and the Human Development Index. Within each category, I prioritized those with the most recent data available and those with no data were a last resort because they are the World Health Organization's estimated values. Estimated values ​​(versus calculated values) carry a greater degree of inaccuracy and so I have tried to avoid using them whenever possible. I was able to successfully select countries with the most recent year calculated in the first three categories, but in the final category (Low Human Development) all countries had "no data" as a value listed. I chose to analyze 32 countries because it provided a broad range with which I could explore countries from a wide variety of regions. Ranks countries from the World Health Organization dataset with their Human Development Index ranking. Check the Human Development Index category for each country. Select 8 countries from each Human Development Index category. Document the 32 selected countries along with their Human Development Index ranking, Human Development Index value , the age-standardized mortality rate caused by cardiovascular disease per 100,000 (females and men) and the latest year of data. Since my data is collected from online databases, my exploration does not endanger any living thing. Furthermore, there are no ethical concerns worth mentioning as the raw data was previously published on the internet by a humanitarian source. Raw Data The following tables organize the raw data for each of the four categories (Very High, High, Medium and Low) of human development as established by the United Nations Development Program (United Nations Development Programme, 2014). In the column “Rateage-standardized mortality”, data values ​​are rounded to one decimal place because this is the form in which they are provided in the World Health Organization database (WHO, 2010). In the “HDI Value” column, data values ​​are rounded to three significant figures because this is the form in which they are provided in the United Nations Development Program database (United Nations Development Programme, 2014). Countries with very high human development Country Name HDI Rank HDI Value (out of 1.0) Age-standardized mortality rate caused by cardiovascular disease per 100,000 (females) Age-standardized mortality rate caused by cardiovascular disease per 100,000 (males) Last year of dataNorway 1 0.944 90.6 158.4 2008United States of America 8 0.915 122.0 190.5 2007Sweden 14 0.907 102.8 179.2 2008France 22 0.888 69.2 128.3 2008Greece 2 9 0.865 158.0 215.0 2008Argentina 40 0.836 152.8 263.0 2008Bahrain 45 0.824 311.3 357.0 2008Montenegro 49 0.802 378.8 461.1 2008Countries with high human developmentCountry name HDI ranking HDI value (out of 1.0) Standard mortality rate ized by age caused by cardiovascular disease per 100,000 (females) Age-standardized mortality rate caused by cardiovascular disease per 100,000 (males) Latest year of data Russian Federation 50 0.798 414.3 771.7 2006 Barbados 57 0.785 173.9 293.2 2006 Malaysia 62 0.779 2 36 .5 318.7 2006Serbia 66 0.771 380.8 463.5 2008Mexico 74 0.756 216.8 257.8 2008China 90 0.727 259.6 311.5 2007Colombia 97 0.720 166.7 .9 2007Maldives 104 0.706 220.7 184.3 2008Countries with medium human developmentCountry name HDI Rank HDI value (out of 1.0) Age-standardized mortality rate caused by cardiovascular disease per 100,000 (females) Age-standardized mortality rate caused by cardiovascular disease per 100,000 (males) Last year of dataEgypt 108 0.690 384.0 427.3 2008Paraguay 112 0.679 227.9 269.3 2008El Salvador 116 0.666 203.6 201.0 2008South Africa 116 0.666 315.2 327.9 2007Vietnam 116 0.666 298.2 381.5 2008Guyana 124 0.636 427 .8 475.2 2006 Nicaragua 125 0.631 221.2 248.0 2006 Tajikistan 129 0.624 562.4 483.3 2005 Countries with low human development Country name HDI ranking HDI value (out of 1.0) Age-standardized mortality rate caused by cardiovascular disease per 100,000 (females) Age-standardized mortality rate caused by cardiovascular disease per 100,000 (males) Latest year of dataKenya 145 0.548 326.4 401.1 No dataSwaziland 150 0.531 441.9 558.2 No dataMadagascar 154 0.510 384.4 367.0 No data Yemen 160 0.498 445.7 541.8 No data Uganda 163 0.483 383.7 561.6 No data Afghanistan 171 0.465 578.2 765.2 No data Democratic Republic of Congo 176 0.433 492.2 461.8 No data data Niger 188 0.348 412.0 350.7 No data Processed data Levels of human development vs average age standardized death rate Level of human development Average age standardized mortality rate caused by cardiovascular diseases per 100,000 (males and females) Average HDI value Interval of HDI values ​​Standard deviation of standardized age Mortality rate caused by cardiovascular diseases per 100,000 (males and females) Very high 208.6 0.873 0.142 114.4 High 304.7 0.755 0.092 151.8 Medium 340.9 0.657 0.066 111.9 Low 467 ,0 0.477 0.200 112.6Graph 132 countries with standardized average mortality rates for men and womenCountry ASDR HDI value per 100,000 (males and females) Interval for ASDR per 100,000 between genders Country ASDR HDI value per 100,000 (males and females) Interval for ASDR per 100,000 gendersNorway 0.944 124.5 67.8 Egypt 0.690 405.7 43.3United States of America 0.915 156.3 68.5 Paraguay 0.679 248.6 41.4Sweden 0.907 141.0 76.4 El Salvador 0.666 202 .3 2.6France 0.888 98.8 59.1 South Africa 0.666 321.6 12.7Greece 0.865 186.5 57.0 Vietnam 0.666 339.9 83.3Argentina 0.836 207.9 110.2 Guyana 0.636 451.5 47.4B ahrein 0.824 334.2 45.7 Nicaragua 0.631 234.6.