IndexAbstractIntroductionReview of LiteraturePrinciples and Classification of Existing TechniquesAbstractReal-time monitoring of wastewater quality remains an unsolved problem for the wastewater treatment industry . To comply with increasingly stringent environmental regulations, plant operators and industrial manufacturers have expressed the need for new standards and better comparability of existing techniques. A review of currently available methods for monitoring global organic parameters (BOD, COD, PH, DO etc.) is provided. The study examines both existing standard techniques and innovative new technologies with a focus on the potential of sensors for online and real-time monitoring and control. Current developments of virtual sensors for wastewater organic load monitoring are presented, and the interests and limitations of these techniques with respect to their application to wastewater monitoring are discussed. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on "Why Violent Video Games Shouldn't Be Banned"? Get an original essayKeywords: BOD; COD; DO;PH, wastewater, virtual sensor.IntroductionWater is nature's precious gift to human beings. The European Community decided in 1991 to oblige all EU member states to equip all cities whose organic wastewater load exceeds 15,000 population equivalents with wastewater treatment plants (to be implemented by 31 December 2000) and 2,000 equivalent inhabitants (to be implemented before 31 December 2005). The characterization of wastewater at the entrance and exit of treatment plants is an effective way to control the efficiency of the process and verify the final quality of the treated water. Typically, wastewater quality is characterized by both global parameters such as biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC) or total suspended solids (TSS), and nitrogen and phosphorus compounds . All values ​​must be less than the maximum permitted values, depending on specific regulations. These provisions are of great importance but unfortunately of great importance but unfortunately the monitoring procedures currently carried out are not very satisfactory because they involve sampling, storage and laboratory analysis - a succession of sample manipulations which significantly increases the risk of errors . There is now a growing need to limit sample manipulation and to develop fast and accurate devices that allow a range of parameters to be monitored using direct field measurements. Literature Review The world is facing problems related to wastewater management. This is due to extensive industrialization, increasing population density, and highly urbanized societies (EPA, 1993; McCasland et al., 2008). Effluents generated by domestic and industrial activities constitute the main sources of the natural load of water pollution. This represents a large burden in terms of wastewater management and can consequently lead to a point source pollution problem, which not only considerably increases treatment costs but also introduces a wide range of chemical pollutants and microbial contaminants into water sources (EPA, 1993, 1996; Eikelboom and Draaijer, 1999; The prevention of pollution of water sources and the protection of public health, safeguarding water reserves against the spread of diseases, are the two fundamental reasons for the treatment of waste water. This is achieved by removing from the system, through themetabolism, substances that have a high demand for oxygen. reactions of microorganisms, the separation and sedimentation of solids to create acceptable wastewater effluent quality, and the collection and recycling of microorganisms in the system or the removal of excess microorganisms from the system (Abraham et al., 1997). In municipal wastewater treatment systems, common water qualityVariables of interest are biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), dissolved oxygen (DO), suspended solids, nitrates, nitrites and ammoniacal nitrogen, phosphates, salinity and a number of other nutrients and trace metals (DeCico, 1979). ; Brooks, 1996). The presence of high concentrations of such pollutants above the critical values ​​established by national and international regulatory bodies is considered unacceptable in receiving water bodies. This is because, in addition to causing a serious inconvenience in wastewater treatment systems, they also lead to eutrophication and various impacts on human and animal health (EPA, 2000; CDC, 2002; Runion, 2008). In recent years, treated water reuse Effluents that are normally discharged into the environment from municipal wastewater treatment plants are receiving increasing attention as a reliable water resource. In many countries, wastewater treatment for reuse is an important dimension of water resources planning and implementation. The goal is to release high-quality water resources for drinking use. Some countries, such as Jordan and Saudi Arabia, have national policies to reuse all treated wastewater effluent, so they have made considerable progress toward this goal. In China, the use of wastewater in agriculture developed rapidly several decades ago, and millions of hectares are irrigated with sewage effluent. The general acceptance is that the use of wastewater in agriculture is justified for agronomic and economic reasons, although care must be taken to minimize adverse health and health effects. environmental impacts (FAO, 1992; Metcalf and Eddy, 2003; Rietveld et al., 2009; Sowers, 2009). [2004] studied industrial wastewater and groundwater, as well as the problem of groundwater pollution. V. Singh and CPS Chandel [2006] analyzed wastewater from Jaipur city, which is used for agricultural purposes. Furthermore, wastewater reuse is becoming increasingly important to supplement drinking water needs in some countries around the world. The option of wastewater reuse is becoming necessary and possible due to the increase in climate change, thus leading to drought and water scarcity, and the fact that regulations on the discharge of wastewater effluents have become more stringent leading to improved water quality (Rietveld et al., 2009). Principles and classification of existing techniques In addition to traditional laboratory analytical techniques used in the water sector, recent years have seen the development of a range of innovative monitoring equipment. Although only a small number of such products have yet reached the market or been accepted, there is already a great diversity of techniques and technologies available, both commercially and in research laboratories, reported in the literature. As a result, several schemes have been used in an attempt to classify existing sensors and analyzers based on their respective properties. (Lynggaard-Jensen1999) listed eight different sensor/analyzer properties (Table 1). Please note: this is just an example. Get a custom paper from our expert writers now. Get a.