IndexIntroductionAttitudes Toward Police BrutalityTriggers of Police BrutalityWhen Police Forces Become Police Brutality and Prevalence of Police BrutalityTopic ContentConclusionIntroductionFor many years, studies on people's inclination to establish cooperation with the police has evolved. However, how people experience police impacts their sense of belonging in communities. However, not much research has been directed into the question of how policemen and women act and behave towards people. The National Commission on Criminal Justice has regularly acknowledged that police officers have stressful jobs; However, the commission emphasized that no level of stress should warrant or justify the brutalization of people or the use of excessive force against civilians. History is filled with numerous cases of police brutality. This has especially been observed when police are dealing with people of color. This situation has also been witnessed when the police deal with innocent blacks. Innocence, however, offers no insulation against abuse. By virtue of color alone, blacks are considered suspicious by the police, and when someone is stopped by the police, one "wrong" move or "wrong" response can become fatal and lead to brutality of the highest level. Very often, the police engage in this deviant behavior. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on "Why Violent Video Games Shouldn't Be Banned"? Get an Original Essay In the recent past, researchers have focused their attention on this area to investigate the problem which is rapidly growing. Several authors and researchers have attempted to investigate the why and origin of this deviant behavior and the public's attitude towards it. The present study will examine five academic articles that have investigated this deviant behavior. These researchers and authors have provided several statistics on police brutality and the prevalence of this deviant behavior. However, statistics are not always representative of the situation on the ground because a good number of cases of police brutality go unreported. However, the articles reviewed provide a general overview of this form of deviant behavior. In the first article, Klahm and Tiller (2010) provide evidence of police brutality using force research studies published between 1995 and 2008. One of the emerging problems in this study is that most cases of police brutality are investigated based on what prompted police officers to use excessive force during the encounter with the suspects. It was found that only a few studies lean towards the suspect. In the second article, Desmond, Papachristos & Kirk (2016) investigated police brutality and reporting of such crimes among the black community. As indicated in the initial part of this study, blacks are the group that is most subjected to police brutality. As statistics from some of the studies reviewed will reveal, the black community represents the group that has been subjected to much of the police brutality. brutality that has been witnessed, especially in the history of the United States. The brutalities aimed at the black community after reporting cases of brutality against them only served to increase deviant behavior. Consequently, Desmond, Papachristos, and Kirk's study documents the reduction in the statistics of blacks calling to report cases of police brutality.police. In the third article, Seabrook and Wyatt-Nichol (2016) documented the tension that exists between African Americans and the criminal justice system in the United States. The authors indicate that this tension leads to higher levels of injustice, oppression, and discrimination against this minority group, particularly against African Americans.American Males. In the fourth article, Avdi (2013) analyzed the factors that influence police officers' decisions to use excessive force on people. The author's aim was to investigate the behavioral factors that predict how a police will behave towards a suspect. The data collected covers a total of 882 recorded confrontations between police and suspects in one of Florida's police departments. The findings indicated that suspects who resisted police arrests motivated the police to use brutal arrest methods. In the fifth article, Cooper, Moore, Gruskin, and Krieger (2004) investigated perceived police brutality and its public health implications. The researchers used data from an NYPD drug bust in 2000. The participants involved in this study included 40 injection drug users and 25 non-drug users. These participants reported experiencing psychological, physical, and sexual violence. The authors recommended the need for public health researchers to focus more on the prevalence of this type of police brutality. Attitudes toward police brutality According to Desmond, Papachristos, and Kirk (2016), residents of the Milwaukee neighborhood, which are predominantly Black communities, are significantly less likely to report instances of police brutality after police use violence against Frank Jude (black). After Jude's brutalization, the number of 911 calls from this area dropped significantly. Jude's beating has affected residents of the Milwaukee neighborhood for more than a year as calls for service have dropped by about 22,200 calls. This isn't the only case where police brutality against Black people has affected the number of calls received. Local and national reports of police brutality have had similar effects on Black people. This clearly demonstrates that this deviant behavior on the part of the police has significantly affected black attitudes towards the police. The authors conclude that such deviant police behaviors have significantly suppressed one of the most important forms of police-civilian engagement: making 911 calls for personal and public safety issues. Therefore, police brutality represents one of the deviant behaviors that can significantly undermine the legitimacy of legal authority and influence citizens' attitudes. The study by Desmond, Papachristos, and Kirk (2016) cited the triggers of police brutality. In his study, Avdi (2013) analyzed the factors that influence the police's decision to use force on suspects. The author's aim was to investigate the behavioral factors that predict how a police will behave towards a suspect. The data collected involved a total of 882 police and civilian interventions. The findings indicated that suspects who resisted police arrests motivated the police to use brutal arrest methods. However, reviewing the decree of the National Commission for Criminal Justice, no level of stress guarantees or justifies the mistreatment of people or the use of excessive force during arrest. Despite this decree, the author observes that the use ofPolice brutality during arrests has become one of the most critical issues as these cases are on the rise. The authors recommend that a reasonable amount of force or threat should be used in certain situations. They believe that such use of force is necessary and justified. Therefore, police officers have an obligation to use reasonable force. The results of Avdi's (2013) study found that almost all levels of police use force. However, female police officers were found to be less likely to use excessive force than their male colleagues. Further investigation indicates that it is likely that they used less force than the resistance directed at them by the suspects. These results are consistent with the proposal of Bazley et al. (2010) that women are less willing to engage in aggressive behavior than men. They also proposed that females are more likely to use their better communication skills than males in attempting to diffuse escalating situations. The author also included the age variable. The results of the study indicated that police officers under the age of 25 were less likely to use brutal force. Additionally, officers aged 36 and older were also less likely to use brutality when dealing with suspects. The frequency of the use of brutality was greatest for police officers aged between 25 and 36 years. These findings provide very important insights into the use of brutality by police officers. First, these findings indicate that the majority of police brutality is committed by male police officers. Secondly, most brutalities are committed by police officers between the ages of 25 and 36. Therefore, future researchers on the topic should focus more on studying police brutality among male police officers between the ages of 25 and 36. By approaching the question from this perspective, researchers will be able to provide meaningful and more useful results. In their article, Seabrook & Wyatt-Nichol (2016) documented the tension that exists between African Americans and the criminal justice system in the United States. United States. The authors indicate that this tension leads to higher levels of injustice, oppression, and discrimination against this minority group, particularly African American males. This group has been subjected to oppression in its history of living in America. The findings of this study are consistent with other studies reviewed in this article that have found that blacks are the ones subjected to extensive police brutality. The authors compare the brutality faced by police against African Americans to the brutality faced by slaves in the institution of slavery. The authors documented cases of racial profiling and police brutality that have led to the deaths of African Americans in the past, including the deaths of Michael Brown, Trayvon Martin, Tamir Rice, Freddie Gray, Laquan McDonald, and Eric Garner (Seabrook & Wyatt- Nichol, 2016). Based on the findings provided by Seabrook and Wyatt-Nichol's study, this article concludes that much police brutality is directed more at certain minority groups than at mainstream society. Therefore, it is necessary for researchers studying deviant behavior to focus more on this group. One of the factors that have been studied as drivers of police brutality is racial profiling (Seabrook & Wyatt-Nichol, 2016). Racial profiling is widely used by law enforcement in the United States to solve icrimes (Bah, 2005). However, racial profiling is misused because race is often linked to it, thus promulgating a long-standing prejudice against African Americans, particularly African American males. When Police Forces Become Police Brutality and the Prevalence of Police Brutality In their article, Klahm and Tillyer (2010) investigated different levels of a police force to help the reader understand what qualifies as a police force and in what measure the force used by the police becomes brutality. According to one of the studies cited in the Klahm & Tillyer article, the police's ability to use force to enforce the law represents the most distinctive feature of police work. Police can use different levels of force to coerce people into specific responses. As noted in the opening section of this article, Cooper, Moore, Gruskin, and Krieger (2004) studied perceived police brutality and its implications for public health. The researchers used data from an NYPD drug bust in 2000. The participants involved in this study included 40 injection drug users and 25 non-drug users. These participants reported experiencing psychological, physical, and sexual violence. The authors recommended that public health researchers need to focus more on the prevalence of this type of police brutality. Topic Content All articles reviewed herein focused on investigating the issue of police brutality. Cases of police brutality have been rampant, both in developing and developed countries. Most of the studies reviewed were conducted in the United States, which represents the country that has witnessed some of the worst scenarios of police brutality, especially against Black communities. This is why many studies related to police brutality involve Black people. Therefore, most of the articles examined in this study primarily focus on investigating police brutality as deviant behavior against minority groups. The authors of the five articles are on the right track, both methodologically and theoretically, since the methods used and the theories used allow readers to understand the situation and what the authors are trying to communicate. Klahm and Tillyer (2010) used secondary data in terms of reviewing studies conducted between 1995 and 2008. The authors used a comprehensive and scientific methodology to identify studies that would be relevant to their study. Some of the Boolean terms used include policing, use of violence, use of force, and violent encounters. The search included only peer-reviewed criminal justice journals. Their search yielded a total of 41 studies addressing the dimensions of police use of force. A total of 24 studies were found to analyze incidents in which police used force during an encounter with a suspect. Two other studies focused on investigating police officers' attitudes or perceptions regarding the use of brutality against suspects. Only one study focused on analyzing internal affairs investigations into use of force. The remaining studies conducted only a general analysis (without the use of multivariate analyses) on police use of force. All studies that did not use multivariate analysis were removed from the study. Therefore, the total number of studies considered for analysis was 23 studies. The 23 studies generated a total of.