This essay reviews a selection of literature on healthcare-related inequalities, with the aim of illuminating how we can distinguish between just and unjust inequalities, and between avoidable and unavoidable. This essay also examines some of the most common methods used to measure health inequalities and discusses their limitations. Some political considerations are provided at the end. In a society, inequalities in health outcomes, access to health care, and utilization of health care are caused by myriad factors. To evaluate whether an inequality is fair or unfair, avoidable or inevitable, we should make use of the approach proposed by Fleurbaey and Schokkaert (2009). The authors suggest starting with a “structural model” that describes the entire social context in which a utility-maximizing individual makes decisions, subject to a budget constraint. This budget constraint is determined by a number of market, insurance and economic factors: the general price level, tax levels, direct payments, insurance coverage and insurance premiums. Individuals have a health production function that depends on factors such as medical care, lifestyle choices (e.g. nutritional and exercise regimes), genetic endowments, access to information, socioeconomic status and random shocks. In the Fleurbaey-Schokkaert framework, utility maximization depends on factors that depend on the individual's choice (such as lifestyle factors), as well as factors that are beyond the individual's control (random shocks and genetic endowments) . Inequalities resulting from factors within an individual's control are considered “fair.” In contrast, other factors such as genetic endowments and socioeconomic status are typically considered… halfway through the article… geneity is addressed by measurement technique. For example Dias (2009, 2010) and Tranoy et. al. (2010) aim to model the error term in their econometric techniques to account for unobserved individual efforts and childhood experiences. Third, the characteristics of the health variables used in the measurement technique also matter. For example, Erreygers and van Ourti (2010) show how the logical coherence of the CI can be influenced by the nature of the health variable (limited/unlimited and scale of the variable). In conclusion, the measurement of health inequalities is certainly possible, however, to obtain good quality estimates, a good knowledge of the technique and behavior of health variables is necessary. Furthermore, the degree to which we have accurately measured unjust health inequalities depends on the quality of our moral and ethical judgments.