In Shakespeare's play Othello, hostile jealousy warps Othello's reality, leading to the end of his marriage and himself. Many critics have analyzed the theme of jealousy, most of them concluding that Othello showed signs of underlying insecurities and possessiveness which lead to jealousy; Nordland emphasized that the jealousy was not caused by pre-existing insecurities and scars from past traumatic experiences, but created doubts and self-esteem issues in Othello after being gripped by delusional jealousy, courtesy of Iago. To adequately explain Othello's metamorphosis from a man of honor into the "green-eyed monster" (3. 3. 196), jealousy must be defined by its irritating character. Jealousy is a multidimensional emotion. Jealousy, described by Ekman and Plutchik's research, is composed of "eight primary emotions: anger, fear, sadness, disgust, surprise, anticipation, trust, and joy" (Buss 157). In Othello's case, it can be assumed that the emotions included in his jealous attack were anger, disgust, and distrust. Along with jealousy there are negative repercussions that lead to damaged relationships. In one section of Buss' essay, the theme of jealousy leading to murder outlines how one partner isolates the other and resorts to violence that can "range from minor slaps to brutal beatings" (Buss 160), an example of physical abuse in Act 4 scene 1 line 267 when Othello strikes Desdemona after becoming agitated over her "act of innocence" but his brief temperance with her was the result of a recent session of manipulation with Iago. Buss goes on to identify two vital emotional triggers involved that potentially drive men to develop the murderous component of jealousy: a man's suspicion of his significant other's infidelity and fear that she will leave him indefinitely (Buss