When analyzing Stephanie's risk and protective factors, her risk factors outweighed her protective factors. Some of the most notable risk factors in Stephanie's family include poor parent-child interactions, family structure, history of parental abuse, and parental separation/divorce. As children grow, they learn how to interact with others based on how they are raised in their environment. Barbara H. Fiese and Marcia A. Winter stated that “children are proximally influenced by parenting through consistent exposure to supportive interactions or through direct contact” (Fiese & Winter, 2010). Looking at Stephanie's past history, it appears that she was not exposed to much supportive interactions from her parents, as evidenced by the mothers' observed behaviors. Stephanie was neglected physically and perhaps emotionally, which affected her ability to interact appropriately socially and her lack of self-esteem. Not having positive interaction with his family caused turbulence in other aspects of his life, such as creating meaningful relationships with peers. The writer believes that family systems theory would be best practice for this child's case. This theory was developed by Murray Bowen in 1950. Family systems theory was first obtained from family therapy. In an article published by Lee Combrinck-Graham, he explained that the background of the theory began after World War II, when "psychologists and psychiatrists strove to understand the multiple influences on human behavior and human adaptation" (Combrinck-Graham,