Sport is described as ritualized warfare in which one team competes with another, each athlete struggling to defeat an opponent (Schultz et al., 32). It is part of an effort to promote global peace and contribute to the search for peaceful solutions to conflicts around the world. Sport can therefore be considered a universal language and a tool for promoting peace, tolerance and understanding by bringing people together. As a result, values such as teamwork, discipline, respect for the opponent and the rules of the game are understood.2 I will examine the claim that sport is considered war by peaceful means. This is not to be confused with the suggestion that sports is peaceful warfare. By peaceful means I refer to a state of harmony and mutual agreement between two or more parties. Using the Olympic Games as an example, I will argue that they have aspects of war. Yet the Olympics do not promote camaraderie that inhibits hostility due to factors such as the politics of choosing an Olympic host, cultural and economic exchange that creates greater disparities, and the role that powerful nations play in the worldview while strengthening colonial ideologies. Politics has been inseparable from the modern Olympic Games since the decision, in 1894, to revive the Games after a gap of fifteen years (Hill, p.5). Olympic events allow matches on “neutral” territory where aggression can be “controlled” and regulated.2 I would argue that there is no neutral territory as there is an advantage for the home team. Almost every celebration of the Games was marked by animosity or worse (Hill, p.35). For example, 1968 saw a massacre by the Mexican government of young people who considered the Games a waste of money (Hill, p.36). In 1976 numerous Africans……medium of paper……ort/peace (accessed 14 March 2014).4. “Sochi 2014: Gay Rights protests target Russia's games,” BBC Europe, 5 February 2014, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26043872 (accessed 14 March 2014). Bruckner, Markus, Evi Pappa2013 Shocking news in the data: the Olympic Games and their macroeconomic effects http://www.eui.eu/Personal/Pappa/Papers/olympics15March2013.pdf Hill, Christopher1996 Olympic Politics Athens to Atlanta 1896-1996. Manchester: Manchester University PressJamieson, Lynn, Thomas, Orr2009 Sport and violence A critical examination of sport. United Kingdom: Elsevier.Keefer, Robert, Jeffrey, Goldstein, David, Kasiarz1983 Participation in the Olympic Games and War. New York: Springer http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4612-5530-7_11#page-1 Schultz, Emily, Robert Lavenda, and Roberta Dods2012 Cultural Anthropology. Ontario: Oxford University Press
tags