This document will discuss the use of non-pharmacological modalities for pain relief. Pain can be difficult to assess in clients. It is different for each individual, and the best way to determine a client's pain is through subjective data. During the class I learned that it is also important to observe the client's facial expressions, posture, and body movements when assessing pain. I have been fortunate to be able to meet many clients in the clinic this semester who were suffering from severe post-operative pain. After receiving opioid and nonopioid medications, most of these patients still continued to experience severe, unrelieved pain. These events inspired my curiosity with the use of non-pharmacological modalities. I have already learned in the conference that several types of non-pharmacological modalities such as massage, music and guided imagery can help relieve pain when used in conjunction with pharmacological medications. However, I wanted to research the different types of non-drug modalities available to nurses and which ones work best for different areas of the body. What are the best nonpharmacologic modalities currently in use in nursing practice that can help relieve pain in a hospitalized client? The following three articles present information on different types of non-drug modalities along with which have been found to be most effective in relieving certain types of pain and which have not. An article from the Journal of Rehabilitation and Research & Development, “Efficacy of Selected Complementary and Alternative Medicine Interventions for Chronic Pain” discusses different types of nonpharmacologic pain modalities and the review of effectiveness for each. This article… half of the sheet... September 23). Retrieved April 19, 2011, from Veterans Health Administration Research Development: http://www.research.va.gov/programs/rrd.cfmEA, G., RJA, L., DJ, M ., S.M., P., C.A., D., and JP., M. (2010). Effects of guided imagery on postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing same-day surgical procedures: a randomized, single-blind study. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists, 181-188.G, T., MH, C., MJ, B., MK, G., J, G., MP, J., et al. (2007). complementary and alternative medicine for chronic pain. Journal of Rehabilitation Research & Development, 195-222. and Howard Emerson, C. (2007). The effect of music therapy on patients' perception and manifestation of pain, anxiety, and patient satisfaction. MEDSURG Nursing. The Journal of Adult Health, 7-15.