In the field of human resources, employees are considered the most valuable resource. An HR representative's job is to find the most qualified person for the position. There are many forms of pre-employment testing used by companies. Some use aptitude tests or other forms of intelligence testing, but increasingly companies are also requiring passing a drug screen as a condition of employment. Most employers now use a urinalysis, hair sample, or oral swabs as a detection of substance abuse. Workplace drug testing definitely holds most employees to a higher standard when it comes to their lives outside of work. However, there are millions of employees who fly below the radar and continue with the lifestyle they have come to know regardless of workplace drug testing or not. The Drug Free Workplace Act was passed in 1988 with the intention of providing a safe and healthy workplace for employees. all employees. The Federal Registers report (1988, 2000) released by the National Drug-Free Workplace Alliance states that the Drug Free Workplace Act requires compliance by all organizations that contract with any U.S. federal agency to contracts of $100,000 or more. These contracts do not include the acquisition of commercial goods under a procurement contract or purchase agreement and must be performed entirely within the United States. The law also requires that all organizations receiving federal grants, regardless of amount, be compliant and that all individual contractors and grant recipients, regardless of contract or grant value, comply with the terms of the law. According to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Act (2000), an estimated 14.8 million Americans use illegal drugs on a daily basis. Of these 14.8 million, 77% are employed, leaving 9.4 million people under the influence while working. Government studies reported by Charles P. Cozic (1998) show that among these addicts there are 6.5 million regular marijuana users and 1.25 million regular cocaine users who occupy our workforce. These numbers are astonishing, especially considering that these employees are effectively becoming an expense to their employers, rather than an asset. SAMHSA (2000) reports that these alcohol and drug abusing workers are only about 67 percent functional and cost the companies that employ them nearly $81 billion in lost productivity per year. Operational Heath and Safety Services (2004) reports that the cost of a drug test is between $25 and $65 depending on the volume of testing performed by the company and the type of testing.