Often called the father of modern Egypt, Muhammad Ali (or Mehmet Ali in Albanian) revolutionized Egyptian society from the beginning of his reign in 1805 until Fuad II, the last king of the Muhammad Ali dynasty which ended in 1953. Under his rule, Muhammad Ali implemented political, social and economic changes in Egypt and even expanded his empire. Muhammad Ali was born in 1769 to Turkish tobacco traders in Kavalla, in what is now Turkey-ruled Greece (as well as Egypt). His ancestry had been widely debated. Although his parents were Albanian, his ancestry could be traced back five centuries to central Türkiye. However, most of the Balkans were considered part of the Ottoman Empire, especially Turkey. As a young man, Muhammad Ali was charismatic until his father's death. His uncle, the governor of Kavalla, soon welcomed him. Under his uncle, Muhammad Ali had joined the Ottoman army and would even marry the heiress Emina of Nosratli. Although France and the Ottoman Empire had been considered allies, the French began their campaign in Egypt from 1798 to 1801 under the leadership of Napoleon Bonaparte. During the French occupation, the sultan ordered Muhammad Ali's uncle to send 300 men to whom the governor placed Ali Agha and Muhammad Ali as leaders of the unit. It was not until 1801 that Muhammad Ali rose up the military hierarchy to the rank of commander and the French were defeated after Napoleon fled to take power in France. Later, Muhammad Ali would bring the French to study in Egyptian educational institutions in the belief that this would further stimulate the modernization process. It is important to note the presence of the Mamluks in Egypt. The Mamluks were a people descended from slaves who took control... half of the paper... nome and made Egypt even more valuable but had also garnered the resentment of the people. Finally, the military coup led by Gamal Abdel Nasser overthrew the last king of the dynasty in Egypt and Sudan and totally ended the British occupation during the Egyptian Revolution of 1952. Muhammad Ali was a brilliant military leader who had directly threatened the 'Ottoman Empire and expanded as far as Suden, but its leadership over the region it had conquered was lackluster. Because of Muhammad Ali, although Egypt had a taste of modernization, it ultimately led to British occupation and Egypt serving as a cash cow. The dynasty would sometimes be described as autocratic and bureaucratic, but Muhammad Ali will forever be known as the father of Egyptian modernizations as is indeed true, however, he will also be known for having subjected Egypt to European intervention.